The Russians studied launch systems in this program in the mid 1990's which used Vertical Launch like a rocket as its basis. Seven configurations were considered:
ORYOL V1
REFERENCE VEHICLE-current expendable 2-stage launcher (Zenit,Proton)
ORYOL V2
Semi-reusable VTHL 2-stage launcher. Flyback booster, expendable upper stage plus small manned spaceplane.
ORYOL V3 (rejected)
VTHL TSTO consisting of a reusable Booster, small Orbiter with expendable fuel tank. Abandoned.
ORYOL V4 (rejected)
Fully reusable vertical takeoff, horizontal landing TSTO. Abandoned.
ORYOL V5 (Rejected)
Vertically launched TSTO consisting of HL Booster, VL orbiter. Abandoned.
ORYOL V6
Fully reusable VTHL SSTO.
ORYOL V7 (Rejected)
Fully reusable VTVL SSTO. Concept recently abandoned due to engine reliability concerns.
Reference:
Goto Rockets (Expendable) Home Page
Goto
Spaceplanes Homepage
Goto
Past Launch Vehicle Studies
Goto Space Projects and Info
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Updated: Sunday 13th, April, 2008